London and New York are the only two ranked Alpha++. In some formulations of the global city thesis, then, such cities are seen as the building blocks of globalization. Global city, an urban centre that enjoys significant competitive advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized economic system. Beta and Gamma cities are smaller global cities that link economic regions into the global network. What are Alpha Beta and Gamma cities?Īlpha cities are the primary nodes in the global economic network. These are found to be largely geographically concentrated in three ‘globalization arenas’, northern America, western Europe and Pacific Asia. What are the three levels of global cities?Īggregating these results produces a roster of 55 world cities at three levels: 10 Alpha world cities, 10 Beta world cities and 35 Gamma world cities. 6 How are alpha, beta and gamma cities ranked?.5 Where are all the gamma cities in the world?.
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